Analysis of time series data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of time series data - Research Paper Examplestatistical forebode methods depend on the fact that a time series could be rendered stationary. A stationary time series is a time series whose statistical properties such as mean, variance, autocorrelation, etc. remain constant over time. Statistical forecasting methods compute these stationary time statistical properties from its past values, and use them to predict future values since they will remain the same in the future.Obtaining statistical values such as means, variances, and correlation from non-stationary time series argon non-meaningful. This is because such statistics represent only the past but not the future. For example, if the series is consistently increasing over time, the sample mean and variance will gain with the size of the sample, and they will always underestimate the mean and variance in future periods. For this reason much caution should be given to extrapolate regression models fitted to non-statio nary data.However, most naturally created time series are non-stationary when expressed in their original units of measurements. They exhibit trends, cycles, random-walking and non-stationary behavior. They remain non-stationary even after deflation or seasonal adjustment. Transforming Non-Stationary clock SeriesNon-stationary time series could be converted into stationary ones using numeric transformations. Predictions for the stationarized series can then be untransformed, by reversing whatever mathematical transformations were previously used, to obtain predictions for the original series. Thus, finding the sequence of transformations needed to stationarize a time series often provides important clues in the search for an appropriate forecasting model.Trend-Stationary Time SeriesIt is a time series with a stable long-run trend and reverts back to the trend line following a disturbance. It is stationarized by de-trending. De-treding involves fitting a trend line then subtracting it from the time series. Another way would include the time index as an independent variable in a regression or ARIMA model. Difference-stationary Time

Research Anaylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Anaylsis - Essay ExampleThe No Child Left Behind indemnity in the United States viewed the teachers as dutiful mechanism to foster that so called proven literacy education programs and methods. This follows the Do as I do, not as I say rule. This method implies that students are more likely to perform well and engaged themselves in any activities especially in reading and writing when they deal from teachers who manifest the same traits. Therefore, the competency of teachers being active readers and writers influence the performance of the students. It brings life to the classroom and affects the students interest and enthusiasm to participate in reading and writing and be effective readers and writers themselves.On the contrary these studies can just be a generalization of the whole scenario. The focus of this analysis is the individual experience and go on of an effective teacher. Individual teacher has different attitude, beliefs and practices. Therefore, the teachers individual capacity will affect their performance in sustaining and delivering effective literacy instruction and learning opportunities to students. This is an individual constituent for them as educators. As a support to this, Susi (1984) found that teachers assumed different positive writer roles and identities as a result of their participation in writers workshops. They experient the struggles and joys of composing and revising, which, in turn, not only taught them to be more empathetic to the experiences of their students, hut also humanized them to their students.Therefore, the extent of what the teachers would facilitate to their students could be determined by their suffer experiences. It is absolutely hard to teach something when in fact, a person does not have enough knowledge regarding that subject matter. This is further supported by the compensate of some other researchers stating that more diverse teacher self-concepts as writers from

Guantanamo Bay and Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Guantanamo call for and Habeas star EssaySince September 11, 2001, Americans have faced a y byhful confrontation that is non distinguishable by conventional terms of the law of contend. As a endpoint of this fact, the detention of these competitor forces has brought about a hulking debate among, mostly, the Executive branch and the Supreme salute. At the center of the debate is the pay offs of the opponent live onees. The Supreme Court argues that because their detention is at a location that is chthonic the complete control of the join States, their rights are blanketed under the intermission Clause of the Constitution and as such, they should be granted the right to seek Habeas Corpus. The Executives brinytain that flagitious confrontation combatants have no rights under the Constitution of the coupled States and that the Pre rampnt retains honorable control over their detention.This paper will look at the side and American background of Habeas Corpus and h ow it plays into the landscape of war today. I will also briefly look at past suspensions of the writ, as well as the perspectives of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches and how the writ applies to alien enemy combatants. I will also offer my own perspective on the same. Quite simply put, an unlawful enemy combatant caught fighting against the United States oversees and brought to a location that the U.S. does not have sove harnessty over, should not be afforded the same rights as the citizens and alien residents of our great people that they fight against.The Great Writ of Habeas Corpus has its roots in English Common Law dating back as early as the thirteenth century. The literal meaning in Latin is to have the body which quite basic entirelyy obliged that the jailor bring the accused before a coquette (the Kings Bench) to determine if his detainment and confinement was lawful. In fact, the writ was meant to regulate jailors, resolve issues with jurisdiction and mo nitor the powers of the magistrates (Halliday, J.D., 2010). It was not a tool used to divulge the prisoner, but a tool of governance.When the writ traversed the Atlantic Ocean and came to America, it was, and still is, considered the most important safeguard ofpersonal liberty. Habeas Corpus is protected in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 9 wherein it states The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public sentry duty may affect it (Levin-Waldman, 2012). From its inception in the United States, Habeas has remained close unchanged. The Writ has only been suspended by the President and authorized by coitus quartet times in Americas history with the root instance when President Lincoln suspended it during the Civil struggle in order to detain opposing forces who were attempting to pr so fart troops trying to protect the Capital. Since then, it was used by Grant in the Ku Klux Klan Act, the rebellion in 1902 and in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor (Jackson, 2010).Even during these times the suspension was lifted once the war or threat thereof was over (Langford, 2003) and those detained as a result were either released or tried and convicted. It wasnt until the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001 where terrorist agents used commercial airplanes as weapons of mass destruction to kill thousands of innocent civilians in spite of appearance the borders of the United States that the issue of the suspension of Habeas Corpus came to the forefront once again. After the attacks, telling wrote the Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF), which granted the President to use all necessary and appropriate forceagainst all nations, persons, operatives, etc. involved in the plotting and execution of the September 11th attacks (Piret, 2008). It is well known that the Presidents first priority is that of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces in times of stat e of war. After the horrific attacks in 2001, President Bush declared a struggle on Terror.This type of war has no precedence in history in which to go by it consists of unconventional fighters using unconventional methods of attacks strange whatever seen under the law of war. As a result of these circumstances, it was crucial for the President to initiate his wartime authority to detain belligerents fighting against the United States and her allies and detain them in a location in order to protect the nations security against future attacks. The President unilaterally labelled these detainees as unlawful enemy combatants- persons who did not wear uniforms of a nation or state, carry conventional weapons, or direct their assaults strictly on armed forces- which is the definition given to prisoners of war (POWs) (Acharya, 2012). collectible to the vast allocation of the military machines as coiffes and service members fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, the President needed a locat ion to detain these combatants away from the battlefield, Guantanamo Bay or GITMO. GITMO is a military location in Cuba that the United States has had an open-ended lease for since 1903. According to the Bush administration, this location was ideal because the area was under Cuban sovereignty but under the complete control of the United States. This meant that the long arms of the law would not reach to GITMO and the President essentially had free reign as to the treatment and length of detention of these unlawful enemy combatants. With this status, the administration argued that they could hold a detainee for an undisclosed amount of time without trial because the War on Terror was essentially ongoing.Also, this status allotted that the detainees could not be tried in civilian courts or be granted the rights and shields afforded to POWs under the Geneva Convention (Piret, 2008). Because of these unique circumstances, the Courts became inundated with petitions for Habeas Corpus rig hts. The Executive branch argued that the courts could hear applications only within their respective jurisdictions and that Guantanamo did not fall within U.S. sovereignty, basically asserting that the judges had no authorization to hear cases from non-citizens that were held in a place where Cuba retained sovereignty. Because the nation was at war, the President retained full war time powers and could essentially be the judge, jury and jailer of the accused held at Guantanamo Bay (Healy, 2012). As a result, a few groundbreaking cases came in front of the Supreme Court.One of these cases was Rasul vs. Bush wherein the Supreme Court rejected the administrations claim that the President had the power to jail those accused of terrorist activities without admission charge to lawyers and without access to any possibility of judicial review (www.oyez.org ). The decision held that the detention of the defendants did in fact hinder on the Fifth Amendment rights.After the impact of Rasul a nd other case decided by the Supreme Court on the same day, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, the executive directors were forced to create military tribunals called Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), that afforded minimal protection to prisoners(Foley, 2007). However, these tribunals did not allow for the prisoner to obtain legal counsel, did nothave juries, and could rely on hearsay and coerced confessions by innocents. Unfortunately, these tribunals were heavily weighted towards the government and even though the process did result in the release of a number of detainees, the majority of CSRTs have affirmed the detainees to be unlawful enemy combatants (Chesney, 2008 and Foley, 2007). The executive branch, despite these facts, argued that the CSRTs most closely resembled that of courts-martial that were afforded to members of the military, while still falling far short of Habeas rights.Amidst this rather heated debate amongst the Supreme Court and the Executive branch, Congress remain ed on the outskirts for the most part. Congress has never attempted to restrict or interfere with the Presidents authority to detain belligerents their main points were that the purpose of military detention was exclusively preventative and evidence of liability is not necessary for the United States to detain a suspected terrorist. However, because of the Courts rulings, Congress did order the Military Commissions Act of 2006. More or less, the MCA afforded the detainees the right to challenge the basis of their detention, the right to hear charges, and the right to testify, introduce evidence, and witnesses. Nevertheless, MCAs still allowed for coerced evidence to be produced. Additionally, the MCA sceptered the Executives further and further delineated the courts from the review process afforded under Habeas Corpus.Coinciding with the MCA, Congress also intervened with the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) that essentially provided a backup mechanism for Habeas for judicial review w here the Court of Appeals could determine if the CSRTs complied with regulations in place by the Defense Department and if those regulations were consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States (Chesney, 2008).Despite the efforts of both the Executives and Congress to deplete the role of the Courts, the Supreme Court handed down a landmark 5-4 ruling in Boumediene v. Bush. Bouemediene brought up the issue of constitutional favour of Habeas which it held could not be withdrawn without conforming to the gaolbreak Clause in the Constitution. In its ruling, the majority found that the MCA deprived the Federal Courts to hear habeas claims,therefore unconstitutionally stripping their rights to the same (Piret, 2008). The Court held that even though the U.S. did not have sovereign control over GITMO, the complete control over the base make habeas rights a necessity.The majority also struck the DTA claiming that it fell short and did not provide a level of protection requir ed to override suspension of habeas. Because of Boumediene, Congress cannot enact jurisdiction stripping legislation to deny executive detainees access to judicial review that it twice tried to do with MCA and DTA. Nevertheless, that the Court and the writ of Habeas Corpus is indispensable for monitoring separation of powers, and the test for determining the scope cannot be subjected to manipulation by those whose power it is designed to restrain (US Newswire, 2011).On the other side of the court, the dissenters thought that the majoritys decision ignored the Constitutions structure and defied Congress in establishing procedures for appeals. They went further to say that the historical survey is neck and neck about alien prisoners outside of formal U.S. territory, and Justice Scalia says that the fact that even in the English cases, no alien was granted or rejected the right to the writ which was further proof that Habeas was not in favor (US Newswire, 2011). The dissenters further ed their point by stating that the Boumediene ruling is the most generous set of protections ever afforded to aliens detained as enemy combatants in any war, ever and that the decision was not about the detainees but about the Courts control of Federal policy (Acharya, 2012, Healy, 2012 and Piret, 2008).In informal of all of the controversy surrounding Guantanamo Bay and whether the detainees have a constitutional right to it, one needs to look carefully again at the Suspension Clause The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. It is the furthermost part of this clause that needs the most emphasis when looking at it from the War on Terror perspective the public Safety may require it. Because terrorists are bred from many nations, do not have a uniform to be easily recognized by, and can walk within the boundaries of the United States virtuallyundetected, the law of war holds a di fferent ground. Terrorists are by far and large profoundly hard to distinguish as there is no set guideline.Regardless of the fact that a belligerent fighter is a U.S. citizen or an alien combatant, they should all be reviewed in the same manner, as that of unlawful enemy combatants. Under that status, they should not be afforded the rights allotted to the citizens and resident aliens of the United States. Having said that, it should be the Presidents sole responsibility as Commander in Chief to detain these belligerents for as long as it takes to ensure the safety of Nation.On another level, the Supreme Court in its Boumediene ruling left out a few key factors to determine a proper procedure in the detention of the unlawful enemy combatants in areas other than Guantanamo Bay. It also did not clearly define whether its ruling affected trials currently scheduled to occur in CSRTs. The Court did not establish whether granting habeas rights to detainees at Guantanamo would further put Americans lives at risk by bringing them into the very states that they fight against. Habeas is not about the proof of war crimes but about determining the status of those detained- whether they are POWs, Al Qaeda, or innocents (Yoo, 2012).Given that Congress waited almost five years to enact any type of legislation to determine this element is what has given America a bad reputation among the global community. If Congress had acted in a more expedient manner, those detained who ended up being innocent or POWs should have been locomote to another location and Guantanamo Bay would have truly been for unlawful enemy combatants.Furthermore, because Guantanamo Bay, even though under Cuban Sovereignty, is in all respects a U.S. military installation under the complete control of America, and therefore the Commander in Chief, any type of review should be conducted by military members and not civilian courts. The detainees, if allotted any amount of liberties under the Geneva Convention, should be retained solely by the Armed Forces. There is nothing that states that the Supreme Court has the power to overhaul the Presidents Commander in Chief powers, thus the Supreme Court is wrong in its assertion that the detainees should be afforded habeas rights. The courts insertion of thisfact seems to be simply to ensure them of their own federal powers than the rights of the detainees. They assert to retain their jurisdiction simply because Congress sought to relinquish those powers in the MCA and DTA.In closing, the writ of Habeas Corpus should not be afforded to detainees that have been established as unlawful enemy combatants. Aliens detained during combat with American forces in a foreign theatre, without uniforms or conventional weapons, who seek to harm or kill those other than armed forces are not to be determined as POWs or innocents and should be maintained at a location, Guantanamo Bay, which is outside of U.S. sovereignty. While these combatants could be allow ed a review as outlined in the MCA, their alien combatant status does not typify the right to Habeas Corpus. With the Supreme Courts hole-ridden ruling in Boumediene, it should be expected that there are many questions which still need answers which are in all probability to come about in future habeas cases.Regardless of that fact, given that the War on Terror is not likely to come to a close any time soon, alien unlawful combatants should remain under the detention of the Commander in Chief, at whose discretion it is as to how to handle them, not the Supreme Court, whose main theatre is civil and criminal matters, not matters of war.ReferencesAcharya, U. (2012). International Lawlessness, International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism A Conundrum of International Law and US immaterial Policy.International Politics and the Problem of Terrorism A Conundrum of International Law and US Foreign Policy (August 30, 2012). Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 40(1), 201 1-2012. Chesney, R. M. (2008). Suspension clause-military commissions act-detainee treatment act-jurisdiction to review military detention of noncitizens held at guantnamo bay, cuba. The American Journal of International Law, 102(4), 848-854. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/201159775?accountid=32521Foley, B. J. (2007). GUANTANAMO AND BEYOND DANGERS OF RIGGING THE RULES. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology,97(4), 1009-1069. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/218408359?accountid=32521 Garrett,B. (2012). Habeas Corpus and Due Process. Cornell Law Review,98(1). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863. (2009). Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 1. Halliday, P.D. (2012). Impertinent Questions. Humanities, 33(1), 54. HART jr,J.S. (2011). Habeas Corpus From England to Empire- By Paul D. Halliday. Parlimentary History (Wiley-Blackwell), 30(3), 436-438. Doi10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00279_1.x Healy, G. (2012). The Imperial Presidency and the War on Terror Jackson, A.L. (2010). HABEAS CORPUS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AN AMERICAN DRAMA. Air Force Law Review, 65 263-288. Judicial be obtains bush defense department documents detailing terrorist threat posed by guantanamo detainees.(2011, Mar 02). U.S.Newswire. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/854434733?accountid=32521x Langford, B. R. (2003). SUSPENSION OF HABEAS CORPUS. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies, 233. Piret, J. M. (2008). Boumediene v. Bush and the exterritorial Reach of the US Constitution A Step Towards Judicial Cosmopolitanism?. Utrecht Law Review, 4(3), 81-103. Yoo, J. C. (2012). Applicability of 18 USC 4001 (a) to Military Detention of United States Citizens. Retrieved from.http//doc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/2041/84865/00334_020627_002.pdf?sequence=3 .

Bread & Roses Essay Example for Free

Bread Roses EssayIt is bread we fight for, but we fight for roses too. This quote, originally in a poem written by a man named James Oppenheim, embraced a fierce social movement created by large number distraught textile workers who eventually created what we now subsist as the Bread Roses Strike. This strike proudly showed the lengths one working under such unruly conditions would go in order to achieve respect, get out working conditions, and enough food to feed their families.The book, Bread and Roses, written by Bruce Watson, is a novel concerning textile workers living in Lawrence, Massachusetts in the year 1912. Potential workers flocked to the city of Lawrence to better their lives, many of which soon realized posters and advertisements beckoning them to join in and share the citys wealth did not prove to be as true as they claimed. Bruce Watson illustrates the working conditions of textile workers during this time period and proves as a reminder that during times o f struggle, you gain your rights.Effective January 1, 1912, a in the buff law was passed reducing the numbers of hours one could work. The workers wouldnt have had a problem with this reduction if thither was no cut in pay, but there was. That seemingly small pay cut, for multiple families, proved to become a financial splinter in their lives as they struggled day after day to guard food and warmth circulating throughout their already-small homes.

Christian And Jewish Marriage Customs Religion Essay

Christian And Jewish Marriage Customs Religion EssayChristian marriages usually take place in a Church. Like weddings around the world, rites and traditions of a Christian wedding can be divided into terms of pre-wedding, wedding, and post-wedding rituals. Friends and family members of the bride and ostler participate to add joy to the wedding celebrations. The basic set of rituals of a Christian wedding usually remains the same, regional variations can be sight as communities tend to be influenced by the tradition of land they are living in.Traditionally, a Christian bride wears a unobjectionable gown in westbound style and the stableman wears a suit. The brides head is covered with a white veil and a crown a tiara or a bunch of white flowers, and she holds a flower bouquet in her hand.Pre-Wedding and Wedding RitualsBridal Shower-Bridal Shower is one of the major pre-wedding customs of a Christian Wedding. This is a fun-filled and entertaining light hen party, which is host ed by the brides female whizzs. It is mainly a female get-together with songs, dance and joyful game sessions. Friends and relatives present gifts to the bride-to-be and give blessings for a adroit get hitched with life. Following the tradition, the bride serves a pink cake to all present. Uniqueness of the cake is that there is a thimble hidden inside this cake. It is believed that a girl who receives the tag on of cake with a thimble will be the next to get married.Bachelors Party-Bachelors Party is the opposite version of the Bridal Shower and is hosted by the direct for his friends. It is basically a stag party organized on the eve of the wedding or a equate of days before the wedding where the groom is anticipate to enjoy his last evening as a bachelor. A Bachelors Party typically begins by raising a make whoopie before the drinking begins in earnest. It is mostly celebrated to have fun and enjoyment with close friends.Welcoming The Bride-The ceremony of welcoming the bride is conducted on the day of the wedding. The groom sends a car to separate up the bride and waits for her outside the church. Following the tradition, when the bride arrives, the Best Man welcomes her with a kiss on either cheek and hands her a bouquet of flowers. Following this ritual, the couple walks down the aisle slowly and gracefully accompanied by the wedding procession. Inside the church, the couple walks up to the place where the priest stands for the wedding mass. The priest accordingly welcomes them and offers his best wishes.The Wedding Mass-When everyone is seated, the priest begins the wedding mass with hymns and selected reading from the bible. The priest then delivers the homily, with an emphasis on the sanctity of marriage. The next most important ritual is the blessings and the exchange of wedding rings and marriage vows by the couple. The wedding rings are first blessed by the priest in belief that it there will be everlasting love and an earnest faith. A Christian Wedding ceremony comes to an end with the nett blessings of the priest. Then towards the end, the guests shower their blessings on the newlywed couple. Finally, the newlywed couple signs the register and walks down the aisle arm in arm.Post-Wedding Reception-Reception is the most vibrant and sought after occasion organized after a Christian Wedding. As the newlywed couple enters a grand reception ceremony they are welcomed by all with a shower of confetti. Following the tradition, the happy couple also cut a wedding cake and feed each other a bite of the first slice. The Toastmaster proposes a toast in honor of the couple. The reception is mostly celebrated with dance and dinner party. Some people also arrange for a live band murder where everybody dances to the tune of the band.Jewish Marriage CustomsIn Jewish marriage customs, the date is as binding as marriage. It can only be sunk by divorce on proper groundssuch as the bride not being found a virgin. Next in the ce remonial order is the placement of the smashed cup of credence before the bride and groom as per the antique Jewish Wedding custom during the involution ceremony.You will be surprised to know that the groom actually proposes to the bride during this ceremony The groom is expected to pour out the wine from the cup for his bride and wait for her to drink it as a token of her love for him and acceptance of his marriage proposal. This cup is looked at as a blood covenant. If the bride drinks the wine, the celebration begins with the groom giving his gifts to the bride. The groom then leaves the bride to prepare the Chuppah. The bride promises to wait for him.In the interregnum surrounded by the betrothal and the wedding, the groom has certain jobs to complete. You may be surprised to know that the Chuppah or Huppah is to be prepared by the groom with his own hands. This is a cover that is prepared by the groom at his home to receive his bride as per the dictates of the ancient Jew ish marriage customs. It is also the honeymoon room in the grooms house, where the wedding is consummated. You will also wrinkle that it is symbolized by the chuppah or canopy under which the wedding ceremony is conducted. Significantly the groom is not allowed to lack on the tone of work in preparing this room or canopy.The preparations have to be approved by the grooms father before he can consider it ready for his bride. The groom, therefore, cannot declare with any certainty the date of his wedding. It is incumbent upon the approval of the Chuppah by his father. Consequently you will find that as per the Ancient Jewish marriage customs the groom must answer Only my father knows to any query regarding the date of his wedding. The bride spoken for or betrothed will spend the time between the betrothal and the wedding under a veil whenever she steps out of the house.The Nissuin or the MarriageThe Jewish wedding ceremony is called the Nissuin. As we said above, you will note that the date will be fixed whenever the grooms father considers the Chuppah ready to receive the bride. This can happen at any time so in ancient Jewish marriage custom, the term Nissuin also refers to the abduction of the bride from the home of her father. Consequently the bride must be ready for her groom at all times after the betrothal ceremony. She must keep her lamp, her veil and other things she needs beside her put on. Her bridesmaids must also be ready with oil in their lamps.The groom needs to shout shofar as he nears the house of the bride. The purpose is to warn the bride that the groom is coming to claim her and she must be ready to leave to her new home As with wedding around the world, you will note that the bride and the groom are richly attired and crowned. They pledge themselves to eternal happiness. All guests are then invited to participate in the marriage feast.A Quaint Custom and Virginity of BrideThe bride and the groom spend seven days continuously, in the hon eymoon chamber prepared by the groom. The grooms best friend stands guard outside the chamber to receive the news that the marriage has been consummated and the proof of the first intercourse is to be testified to by the blood on the bed sheets.You may note that the ancient Jewish marriage customs dictate that blood on the sheets is an indication that the bride is a virgin and the marriage is pure. It is also a blood covenant that the bride and groom have been joined in marriage. The guests will continue the celebrations for seven days till the bride and groom emerge from the chamber. A final wedding supper is then held on the seventh day.

Reflective Essay on Team Building Skills

Reflective Essay on Team Building SkillsWriting a reflection is comparable to that of using a Pensive, in the direction of reliving the already lived experience with the objective of learning from the past matters to enhance future performances. This reflection will closely practice (Gibbs,1988) Reflective Cycle. introductory stage will begin with a description of what happened, followed by feelings about that event or experience, further evaluating and analysing towards arriving at a conclusion along with qualification of an action plan for performing in a more efficient manner if a similar situation arises in the future.To begin with, in our lineage Managing Organization and People, Our Professor helped forming the aggroups by a social organisationd process, he also encouraged to break the ice between the squad members, by making us do a very exciting police squad twist activity. Soon after, we were briefed about the pillow slip interpret on decision making the job was to advance a presentation on the given case.My aggroup comprised of 5 members, and four members out of five were from the same country and common native run-in, I was the unmatched who added country alteration to our team. Since other four members shared one common native language, with English as their second language, it appeared to me that they will be more soft communicating in their first language rather than English, which was our course language.In our first meeting we had dialog around the over-all plan, which we will follow to accomplish the finale of making our presentation. Division of the lying-ins was done, but there was no concrete discussion over how we as a team would check if individuals work is aligning with the overall schema or not.I was feeling confident to have a team with dedicated and friendly members, although few concerns were there, which arose after our first group meeting. The concerns were, communication, trust, panic of conflict, loss loss le adership.At the subsequent meeting the worries turned out to be true, instead of progressing we were in retrograde motion. The other four members preferred interacting in their first language rather than our course language not just this, but also everyone had a different point of view concerning the most essential question of the case study, we were asked to state organizations problem and opportunities clearly, but no one was ready to accept others view point, dissatisfaction was fumed and question was left unanswered.Other than Professors first team building activity, no other such activity was performed to get out build the relationships and trust amongst the team members. In the absence of a strong connection between team members, we couldnt debate plentiful about how we will resolve this state of disagreement and if a leader was needed to facilitateand direct us in such circumstances. The glorious side was that in terms of accountability, commitment, result oriented approach our team seemed standing strong.I felt quiet uncomfortable in this situation and essay pickings the step of simplifying things by making everyone indulge in talks and making them to participate more. To ease the situation, we decided that everyone will stick to the chosen part and at last we will add individual work to arrive at a better collective result.The situation was very challenging, but taking a call of not interfering in each others work till we complete, seemed the best possible way to avoid disagreements. However, the study by (Clark Clark, 2015) be that team with better individual skills contribute be outperformed by team with more synergy, and in absence of synergy it was implied that our teams productivity was not going to be the optimum.It is often claimed that by engaging in team building any group can transform itself into a high-performing team (Shandler Egan, 1996 as cited in Riener Wiederhold, 2016) and the study by (Riener Wiederhold, 2016) concluded th at members who engage in team building tasks give better efforts than who dont. Whereas our team never positioned team building activities in high impressiveness ranking. We should have engaged in more team building to help us develop a good bonding. It was a major step mixed-up by our team for turning out as a high performing team.Advancing to other key interconnected issues related to team structure were Self-managed or leader driven, which best suited us.Avoiding arguments or shaping them to healthy discussions.Well defined by (Phillips, 2001) Whether a team is leader driven or self-directed higher level of productivity and greater results are desired in a team, we as a team had the same goals of achieving higher level of productivity and our team was a self-directed team with no leader present, I think with the type of team mix we had, there was a leader required to reduce the differences between team members to help us in achieving higher productivity.Discussing more about a leader and importance of a leader in team, as stated by (Hamlin Jennings, 2007) Leaders influence both the mode of interaction and outcome of these interactions, therefore, in presence of a leader with regenerate approach, our team interactions which were whirling as never-ending arguments, could have been shaped to fruitful debates, instead of it our arguments were gradually shaping to conflicts, again the big question conflicts are right-hand or obstructive for a teams productivity. There have been different views on this,The Study by (De Dreu Weingart, 2003) tells that conflicts adds tensions, increases gap and troubles between team members, therefore they should be tough as obstructions in any teams progress. Whereas, the study by (Amason, 1996, Cited by Brockmann, 1996)has a different view anddivides conflicts into two types. Type one is cognitive conflict, which aims at issues, ideas or process, it is constructive and useful for a team, whereas the second type is affecti ve conflict which aims at people, emotions and values, it is harmful to a team and is destructive conflict.As a self-directed team, when we were not able to manage conflicts, a leader with positive influencing approach was required to route our teams destructive conflicts in direction of cognitive conflicts and we could have better responded to the case study question of stating organizations problem and opportunity.(Claus Langfred, 2007) suggested that Self-managing teams when cannot manage conflicts tend to reform themselves in an inefficient structure, and with higher conflicts the trust level decreases. It was well reflected in our answer to conflict, we decided to work on individual tasks without much interference and with greater autonomy we built a greater level of trust.Trust is a important factor for team performance (Erdem, 2003, cited by Aki Mila, 2012) and with the developed trust we started performing slightly better. Cooperation followed by trust is what we gained n ext, which also resolved the perception of imbalanced diversity that I had in my mind. (Mitchell Boyle, 2015) concluded that Professional diversity could be good for innovation if team members have openness, Though initially, I was bit concerned that our team is not very diverse as all members except me were from the same culture and same language group, which was different from our course language, but later I realized that we all were very diverse in our professional experiences and bowls with openness to suggestions, creative thinking did prosper in our team and after divisions of task and developed trust, team members were very cooperative and communicated in English only.The five characteristics of a dysfunctional team stated in (Lencioni, 2010) are lack of trust, apprehension of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability, inattention to results, we were able to overcome four out of five characteristics by having a team with trust, commitment, result oriented approach and responsible members but we could never reach a stage of having a healthy conflict. We knew our presentation was not going to be the best, but it was time to feel propel and deliver our finest with the available resources.ConclusionIf given a chance to go back to the time, when teams were formed, definitely I will make the team indulge in more team building activities for achieving a greater bonding, which would have further helped us to sensibly handle and shape the conflicts into cognitive conflicts. Although, every member of the team worked with dedication and commitment, but we failed to understand the importance of synergy, thats how collective effort could have helped us to accomplish the given task with distinction. Our team achieved the required coordination, trust, communication, but we were likewise late to reap the benefit of these gears, so time management is one another important aspect we missed at.Action PlanThis team jut experience is one key asset t hat will help me in future to grip better the alike situations, and being a business schoolchild such teamwork situations will certainly come again in my professional career. Learnings which I have gained from this experience are that when working in a team conflicts are essential for success, but only if teams are mature enough to be self-managed or there is a right leader appointed who can shape conflicts in a positive direction to help teams achieving the synergy. which is the most desired element of team performances. Therefore, I will never shy international from such situation rather I will take first move to make team talk about it.ReferencesAki, S., Mila, H. (2012). Building Trust in High-Performing Teams. Technology Innovation Management Review, Iss June 2012 Global Business Creation, Pp 38-41 (2012), (June 2012 Global Business Creation), 38.Brockmann, E. (1996). Removing the paradox of conflict from group decisions. Academy of Management Executive, 10(2), 61-62. doi10.5 465/AME.1996.9606161555.Clark, C., Clark, B. (2015). Is the Sum of the split Greater Than the Whole? Skill vs. Synergy. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), 23-35.De Dreu, C. W., Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction A meta-analysis. Journal of apply Psychology, 88(4), 741-749. doi10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.741.Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Oxford Polytechnic Further Education Unit.Hamlin, A., Jennings, C. (2007). Leadership and conflict. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 64(1), 49-68.Langfred, C. W. (2007). The Downside of Self-Management A Longitudinal Study of the Effects tf Conflict on Trust, Autonomy, and Task Interdependence in Self-Managing Teams. Academy of management journal, 50(4), 885-900.doi10.5465/AMJ.2007.26279196Lencioni, P. M. (2010). Overcoming the five dysfunctions of a team A field guide for leaders, managers, and facilita tors (Vol. 16). John Wiley Sons.Mitchell, R., Boyle, B. (2015). Professional diversity, identity salience and team innovation The moderating role of openmindedness norms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(6), 873-894. doi10.1002/job.2009.Phillips, C. (2011). Managing team conflict. Center for gay Systems. Retrieved from http//www. chumans. com/human-systems-resouces/managing-teamconflcit. Htmlip.Riener, G., Wiederhold, S. (2016). Team building and hidden costs of control. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1231-18.doi10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.008

Method Development for Protein Detection

Method Development for Protein DetectionBinding-induced and label-free colorimetric method for protein spotting based on binding-induced DNA crosswalk and DNAzymebased presage amplificationINTRODUCTIONIn diagnosing the early stage of a disease or pathological condition, proteins, especially those associated with cancers, are of great vastness because they are the molecular machinery of life.BB2013-AM-3, 1,2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used method for protein sleuthing.PD-3,1,2 Unfortunately, this antibody-based assay requires a long incubation periods and long assay times with the closeness of multiple washing footsteps.PD-5,1,2 Additionally, it is faced with the challenges of insufficient sensitivity and limited dynamic range.PD-4, 5,6,7 As an alternative to the antibody-based assay, aptamer-based assays guard gained tremendous attention recently.PD-4,9-11 Aptamers are single stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides selected from random sequenc e nucleic acid libraries through an in vitro selection process termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX).PD-6,4-6 They induce high affinity and good selectivity for small molecules, proteins or other targets.BB-11,20-22 Compared to antibodies, aptamers exhibit plain advantages including a better stability for long-term storage, a rapider preparation by chemical synthesis in large quantity, and the flexible modification with a variety of functional groups.PD-4, BB-11,23,24 Some aptamer-based amplified spotting assays for protein have been developed in the outgoing both decades, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rolling circle amplification (RCA), strand displacement amplification (SDA) and ligase chain reaction (LCR). BB-AM-3 Although these amplified assays greatly leaven the sensitivity of protein detection, they are usually time-consuming and too complicated. Therefore, the amplified detection of protein is still challenging in bioana lytical chemistry.BB2013-AM-3Deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) are artificial nucleic acids, which are isolated from in vitro selection. DM-5 corresponding to traditional protein enzymes, they exhibit high catalytic hydrolytic toward specific substrates, while they possess higher thermal stability that can be denatured and renatured classanycycles without losing catalytic activities.DM-4 This obvious advantage makes DNAzymes ideal biocatalysts for achieving signal amplification in biological applications.DM-4 An important development in the DNAzyme field is the discovery of the G-quadruplex DNAzyme.DM-9,9 The G-quadruplex sequences can associate with a cofactor, hemin, to form peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes to catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) to a green-colored product ABTS or enhance the chemiluminescence of the luminol-H2O2 system.DM-6,25, DM-5,44 With this main advantage, G-quadruplex DNAzyme has been employed to develo p many colorimetric, chemiluminescent or fluorescent sensing platforms for the detection of proteins, DNA and other biomolecules.DM-9,14,DM-2,34-37 Recently, Willners group reported an enzyme-free amplified detection platform based on the hemin/G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking DNAzyme.AC2012-2 This strategy is quite successful, while the target detection is limited to DNA, and the detection of protein represents another challenge.In this work, taking the advantages of the high selectivity and affinity of aptamers and the HRP-mimicking DNAzyme amplification strategy, we designed a new binding-induced and label-free ultrasensitive colorimetric method for amplified detection of protein. As a proof of principle, gentlemans gentleman -thrombin and its two aptamers, Apt29 and Apt15, are used. In this sensing system, Apt29 and Apt15 are integrated into the proximity probes as recognition elements for the thrombin. These two proximity probes span with each other stably only when both of them bind to the thrombin simultaneously.BB2013-AM-3 The binding-induced hybridization duplex triggers an autonomous cross-opening of the two functional hairpin structures. And this leads to the formation of a variety of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzymes. The DNAzymes catalyze the oxidation of ABTS, generating a green colorimetric signal, which can be monitored simply by a spectrophotometer. DM-3,29,30 This binding-induced and DNAzyme-based signal amplified method has a great potential for protein detection. BB2013-AM-3 In addition, since various recognition elements might be fused, this method can be further elongate to sensitive detection of other proteins.DM-4EXPERIMENTAL SCETIONMaterials and Reagents. exclusively DNA oligonucleotides were purchased from Genscript (Jiangsu, China). The oligonucleotides were PAGE-purified and diluted in pH 7.4, 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (containing snow mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, and 2 mM MgCl2) to discover stock solutions of snow M . Before use, two hairpin structures were heated to 95 for 5 min, and slowly cooled down to manner temperature. Human -thrombin (Tb), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human serum albumin (HSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hemin, tris(hydroxymethy-l)aminomethane (Tris), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (HEPES), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and H2O2 were purchased from Aladdin Reagents (Shanghai, China). A hemin stock solution (1 mM) was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored in the dark at 20 C. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. All solutions were prepared using double-distilled water, which was obtained through a Milli-Q purification system (Billerica, MA, USA).Absorbance Measurements.Absorbance measurements were performed under get on temperature using a TU-1901 UVvisible spectrophotometer (Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co , Ltd., China). Kinetic data were recorded at the wavelength of 420 nm every 5 s during the startle 5 min of the reaction. The absorption spectra of the solution was measured in the wavelength range from 390 to 490 nm.Procedure for Thrombin Assay.The experiments were performed in 50 L of Tris-HCl buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH = 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2) containing 200 nM P1, 200 nM P2 and varying concentrations of Tb. The mixture was first incubated for 30 min at room temperature to allow complete binding. Next, 25 L of 2 M H1 and 25 L of 2 M H2 were added and incubated for 6 h at room temperature. Then, 20 L of 2 M hemin and 240 L of HEPES buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH= 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, 0.05% Triton X-100, 1% DMSO) were added, and allowed to incubate for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, 30 L of ABTS and 10 L of H2O2 were added to the mixture to give the final concentrations of 2 mM and 2 mM, respectively. The resulting samples were tested with a UVvis spectromet er.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONDesign strategy for human -thrombin detectionThe sequences of the oligonucleotides used in this work were listed in Table 1. It consists of two proximity probes (P1 and P2) and two hairpin structures (H1 and H2). Both proximity probes P1 and P2 consist of four domains. Domain I includes two different thrombin aptamers, Apt29 (29 mer) and Apt15 (15 mer). The Apt29, orange domain of P1, binds to the heparin-binding pose and the Apt15, skyblue domain of P2, binds to the fibrinogen-binding site of thrombin, resulting in proximity. Domain II (black) consists of a poly-T sequence that is designed to reduce the effect of steric hindrance induced by thrombin. Domain III (pink) is designed to have only 6 complementary bases, so that two proximity probes P1 and P2 cannot form a stable duplex without the target protein at room temperature. Domain IV (blue) is the key domain for binding-induced DNAzyme-assised signal amplification. By using two functional hairpin struct ures, the recognition of domain IV could trigger-on the hybridization chain reaction that led to DNAzyme arrange consists of the hemin/G-quadruplex HRP-mimicking DNAzyme. Hairpin structure H1 is functionalized at its 5 end with three-quarters of the G-quadruplex sequence, domain V (green), which is linked to the programmed sequences sevenI (red) and VII (blue). One-fourth of the G-quadruplex sequence, domain VI (green), is extended at the 3 end of the hairpin H1. Hairpin structure H2 is functionalized at its 5 and 3 ends with one-fourth of the G-quadruplex (domain VI) and three-fourths of the G-quadruplex (domain V) sequence, respectively. Programmed sequences of domains VII and VIII in hairpin H2 are complementary to domains VII and VIII in hairpin H1, respectively. Both four domains in hairpin H1 and H2 are incorporated into a stable hairpin configuration in an initially locked format by hybridization with their partially complementary sequences. It is noteworthy that sequence V is partially hybridized with domain VII in hairpin H1 or VIII in hairpin H2, which prevents the self-assembly of the active hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme. regulation of binding-induced DNAzyme-assisted amplification strategy for human -thrombin detectionThe working principle of human -thrombin detection is illustrated in Scheme 1. In the absence of thrombin, domain III in P1 and domain III in P2 will not associate since the complementary sequences (6 nt) are too short to promote efficient hybridization. When the target thrombin is introduced into the system, domain I in P1 and P2 bind to the protein simultaneously, resulting in domain III and III sufficiently close and to hybridize to each other to form a stable P1-Tb-P2 duplex, step 1. BB2013-AM-3 Once the P1-Tb-P2 duplex forms, it associates with the stem region of H1, domain VII, leading to an opening of H1. This opening of H1 results in the release of the single-stranded domain VIII and the conserved three-fourths of the G-quadr uplex (domain V), step 2. The released domain VIII then hybridizes with domain VIII of the stem in H2, and opens H2 using the strand displacement principle, step3. Subsequently, the liberated domain VII in H2 cross-hybridizes with H1 by hybridization of domain VII to domain VII in H1, resulting in two G-quadruplex subunits (domain V and VI) sufficiently close and to self-assemble into a G-quadruplex structure, step 4. AC2012-4 In the process of this autonomous cross-opening of H2 and H1, strand displacement can be repeated continuously, generating numerous G-quadruplex structures. In the presence of hemin, the resulting catalytic hemin/G-quadruplex peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of the pallid ABTS2 to green-colored ABTS.Detection of thrombin in human serumTo further demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in real bioenviroments, we performed the detection of thrombin in human serum. AC2013-4 Three concentrations of thrombin (10 pM, 100 pM, and 1000 pM) were spiked into 10-fold diluted human serum. ZK-CC-1 Figure 4 shows the time-dependent absorbance changes of ABTS in response to different concentrations of thrombin. AC2014-6 In logarithmic scales, the absorbance value exhibits a linear correlational statistics with thrombin concentration over a range of 3 orders of magnitude from 10 pM to 1000 pM (inset of Figure 4B). AC2012-12 The result indicated the potentiality of the proposed method for protein detection in real biological samples. AC2013-4ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have developed a binding-induced and label-free colorimetric method for protein detection based on binding-induced DNA hybridization and DNAzyme-assisted signal amplification. This method does not require any modification of DNA and involve any protein enzyme, which makes it technically label-free, enzyme-free and very cost-effective. Furthermore, the present approach uses a simple separation-free part in which the assay is conducted in a ho mogeneous solution.AC2014-3 In addition, due to the excellent specificity of two proximity probes to the thrombin and the ingenious design of two hairpin structures,AC-EA-2 this method exhibits a high sensitivity for thrombin detection, with a low detection limit of 2.5 pM. More importantly, this method can be extended to sensitive detection of other proteins by simple changing the aptamer sequences of the two proximity probes. To sum up, this simple and cost-effective colorimetric signal amplified method has great potential to be used as a universal tool for ultrasensitive analysis of thrombin or other proteins in serum and supply valuable information for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.ZK-CC-1